Sample pretreatment techniques for the determination of antipsychotics in biological specimens: A review of current bioanalytical approaches

Abstract

Antipsychotics are frequently used to treat mental disorders as well as other kinds of psychosis because of their
confined therapeutic windows. It is crucial to measure antipsychotic concentrations in human matrices. The
primary purpose of this study is to provide a critical review of biological specimens used in the identification and
measurement of antipsychotics with particular focus on to the latest innovations in the processing of samples,
which have a significant impact on the reliability and specificity of the analysis and data quality also with
an overly complicated sample matrix and selected analytes are recovered effectively. This review presents a
description of the numerous microextraction methods which are currently established to minimize the quantity
of solvent and time. Such methods are utilized both for forensic purposes in different biological materials and
for monitoring therapeutic drugs. In addition, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (LC), which has
become the preferred method for measuring many different substances in a short amount of time, is utilized
for determining antipsychotics. Multianalyte approaches frequently use this process. Moreover, LC approaches
are commonly used for analyzing psychotropic drugs. In addition, it is attainable to detect small quantities in
numerous matrices including oral fluid, dried blood spots, cerebral fluid, nails, hair, and other tissues in the body,
besides plasma, serum, and blood.