Cardiac Arrest: Comprehensive Review of Etiology and Evidence-based Management Strategies

Abstract

Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening emergency characterized by the sudden cessation of effective cardiac activity, resulting in loss of circulation and consciousness. It remains a major cause of mortality worldwide and requires immediate intervention to prevent irreversible organ damage and death. This review summarizes the various cardiac and non-cardiac causes of cardiac arrest, including ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathies, inherited arrhythmia syndromes, pulmonary embolism, electrolyte disturbances, and trauma. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to cardiac arrest are discussed, along with current evidence-based management strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of basic life support, advanced life support, early defibrillation, and post-resuscitation care in improving survival outcomes. Preventive approaches, including cardiovascular risk reduction and appropriate use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, are also highlighted as key measures for reducing sudden cardiac death.